What types of changes does Madrigal argue occur in the brain from prolonged solitary confinement?

Madrigal's argument highlights that prolonged solitary confinement can lead to both physical and neurological changes in the brain. These changes encompass alterations in brain structure and function due to the extreme isolation and lack of social interaction experienced in solitary confinement.

Physical changes often refer to the actual structural alterations in the brain, such as shrinkage in certain areas responsible for functions like decision-making, emotional regulation, and social cognition. Neurological changes involve how the brain processes information and communicates internally; prolonged isolation can impact neurotransmitter systems and neural connectivity, which can affect an individual's mental health and cognitive abilities.

Both aspects are critical when understanding the comprehensive impact of solitary confinement on an individual's brain and behavior. This holistic view supports the idea that the consequences of solitary confinement extend beyond mere psychological effects, encompassing significant alterations in brain chemistry and structure as well.